Modbus TCP vs RTU: A Practical Guide for Plant Engineers [2026]

Modbus has been the lingua franca of industrial automation for over four decades. Despite the rise of OPC-UA, MQTT, and EtherNet/IP, Modbus remains the most widely deployed protocol on factory floors worldwide. If you're connecting PLCs, chillers, temperature controllers, or blenders to any kind of monitoring or cloud platform, you will encounter Modbus — guaranteed.
But Modbus comes in two flavors that behave very differently at the wire level: Modbus RTU (serial) and Modbus TCP (Ethernet). Choosing the wrong one — or misconfiguring either — is the single most common source of data collection failures in IIoT deployments.
This guide covers the real differences that matter when you're wiring up a plant, not textbook definitions.